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Auditory evoked field
Auditory evoked field or AEF is an induced neural activity (by an auditory stimulus) that is recorded via magnetoencephalography (MEG), which is an equivalent of Auditory evoked potential (''AEP'') recorded by electroencephalography.〔Jacobson GP. Magnetoencephalographic studies of auditory system function. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1994 May;11(3):343-64.〕 The advantage of AEF over ''AEP'' is the powerful spatial resolution provided by magnetic field recording, which ''AEP'' lacks. Thus, researchers using AEF often deals with the global responses of the whole brain at the cortical level while focusing on the role of the auditory pathway. The common applications of AEF are prenatal and neonatal hearing screening, cortical pitch perception, language comprehension, and attention.
==Sources and types of responses==
The main source of the auditory evoked field is the auditory cortex and the association cortices. The earliest cortical components of AEF is equivalent to the ''middle latency response'' or ''MLR'' of the EEG evoked potential, called the middle latency auditory evoked field or MLAEF, which occurs at 30 to 50 ms after the stimulus onset.〔Kuriki S, Nogai T, Hirata Y. Cortical sources of middle latency responses of auditory evoked magnetic field. Hearing Research 92 (1995) 47-51.〕 M30 and M50, occurring at 30 and 50 ms after the stimulus onset, correspond to the ''Pa'' and ''Pb'' peaks of ''MLR''.〔Onitsuka T, Ninomiya H, Sato E, Yamamoto T, Tashiro N. Differential characteristics of the middle latency auditory evoked magnetic responses to interstimulus intervals. Clin Neurophysiol. 2003 Aug;114(8):1513-20〕 The M50 response was often used to study the correlation of aging and hearing loss. Research has shown that the amplitude of contralateral M50 enlarges with age.〔Yamada T, Nakamura A, Horibe K, Washimi Y, Bundo M, Kato T, Ito K, Kachi T, Sobue G. Asymmetrical enhancement of middle-latency auditory evoked fields with aging. Neurosci Lett. 2003 Jan 30;337(1):21-4.〕
At 100 ms after stimulus onset occurs the most prominent response in the late latency range, the M100, which corresponds to the N1 peak of the ''auditory long latency response'' potential, or ''ALR''.〔Virtanen J, Ahveninen J, Ilmoniemi RJ, Näätänen R, Pekkonen E. Replicability of MEG and EEG measures of the auditory N1/N1m-response. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1998 Apr;108(3):291-8.〕 M100 is the most widely used magnetic field response clinically. In 2007, Lütkenhöner ''et al.'' demonstrated that M100 can be applied to estimate hearing threshold to a higher degree of accuracy.〔Lütkenhöner B, Klein JS. Auditory evoked field at threshold. Hear Res. 2007 Jun;228(1-2):188-200. Epub 2007 Mar 14.〕
Longer latency responses after 100 ms are referred as event-related field or ERF that includes M150, M200, M300 (equivalent of P300),〔Naka D, Kakigi R, Hoshiyama M, Yamasaki H, Okusa T, Koyama S. Structure of the auditory evoked magnetic fields during sleep. Neuroscience. 1999;93(2):573-83.〕 and M400.〔Simos PG, Basile LF, Papanicolaou AC. Source localization of the N400 response in a sentence-reading paradigm using evoked magnetic fields and magnetic resonance imaging. Brain Res. 1997 Jul 11;762(1-2):29-39.〕
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